In this continuation of blogs about the corundum gem varieties, sapphire and ruby, I will first describe the trade routes that first brought the gems, from their mines in the East, to the Roman Empire, then to the rest of Europe. I will also present a gallery of ruby jewelry and artworks designed and made by artisans of the Grecian and Roman Empires and those of the Victorian Era, as well. 

ANCIENT SOURCES AND TRADE ROUTES OF SAPPHIRES AND RUBIES FROM EAST TO WEST

As shown in Table I, sapphires and rubies were mined in the East, before 543 BC in what is now Sri Lanka; before 600 AD in what is now Myanmar; before 951 AD in Afghanistan; before 1408 AD in what are now Thailand and Cambodia. Mining began in 1879 in the Kashmir province of India. Interestingly the mines in the East were the sole sources of sapphires and rubies until the discovery of these gems in Madagascar.

The overland and maritime routes of the Silk Road between the East and West served to bring sapphires and rubies from their sources in the East to the Mediterranean, and particularly to coastal cities of the Roman Empire [Ref 1, Ref 2]. The relationship of the port locations serving the Silk Road, to the sources of the gems, are shown in Figure 1. As seen in the figure, sources of rubies and sapphires in what is now Thailand, Cambodia and Sri Lanka, were in close proximity to the ports serving the maritime routes. Trade along the Silk Road, beginning in 2 BC, provided sapphire and ruby gemstones to the Etruscan and Roman Empires, as well as to Europe, later on. Both overland and maritime routes also served to bring the gemstones to the Mughal Empire in what are now India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.  

          TABLE I. ANCIENT AND MODERN SOURCES OF SAPPHIRES AND RUBIES

DATE	SOURCE	REMARKS
Before 543 BC [Ref 1,2,3]	Sri Lanka	Gemstones appeared in Etruscan jewelry  (700 BC to late 4th Century BC).
Before 600 AD [Ref 1]	Myanmar (Burma)	Mentioned in ancient legends. Europeans reported source in 15th century.
Before 951 AD [Ref 1]	Afghanistan	Ruby mines on border with Tajikistan since 10th century.
Before 1408 AD [Ref 1,4]	Thailand/Cambodia	More sapphire and ruby deposits in Thailand than in Cambodia
1879 [Ref 5]	Kashmir State, India	Blue sapphires discovered in Padar region.
After 1891 [Ref 1]	Madagascar	Sapphire and ruby occurances first described in 1547.
1895 [Ref 6]	Yogo Gulch, Montana, USA	Noted for deep blue color
1950 [Ref 1]	Tanzania	Ruby deposits still being discovered.
1973 [Ref 1]	Kenya	Most important deposit near Mangari in SE Kenya.
1970’s [Ref 1]	Vietnam	First major discovery in province of Luc Yen. Major commercial mining began 1980’s.
2008 [Ref 1]	Mozambique	Deposit found near Zambia border.

GALLERY OF ANCIENT RUBY JEWELRY AND ART OBJECTS

In a search of the web for examples of ancient ruby jewelry and art objects from the Roman and Hellenistic Era to the Victorian Era, I found a dearth of examples of ruby jewelry, in contrast to finding examples of both sapphire and garnet jewelry. Studies from ancient sources show that ruby jewelry was extremely rare and that the red garnet was the most popular gem in the Helenistic Era, but somewhat less popular in the Roman empire [Table, PP 175-176 Ref 1]. 

Accordingly this gallery presents examples of ruby jewelry and art works from the Medieval Era [Ref 9] to the Victorian Era

Medieval Era

Renaissance Era [Ref 15]

Victorian Era [Ref 21] 

REFERENCES

Ref 1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236881270_Mining_and_minerals_trade_on_the_Silk_Road_to_the_ancient_literary_sources_2_BC_to_10_AD_Centuries

Ref 2. http://studiopjj.blogspot.com/2007/05/east-and-west-ancient-gem-trade-between.html

Ref 3. https://www.langantiques.com/university/Ruby

Ref 4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_civilization

Ref 5. https://gem-a.com/news-publications/media-centre/news-blogs/gems-from-gem-a/gem/ancient-sapphires-and-adventures-in-ceylon

Ref 6. http://www.lotusgemology.com/index.php/library/articles/276-moontown-a-history-of-chanthaburi-thailand-and-pailin-cambodia

Ref 7. http://www.ruby-sapphire.com/r-s-bk-india.htm

Ref 8. https://gemgallery.com/yogo-sapphire-gemology

Ref 9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages

Ref 10. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/89931323788019900/

Ref 11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Princess_Blanche

          &  

Ref 12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_of_England

Ref 13. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/155937205834052921/

Ref 14. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/155937205826166727/

Ref 15. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance

Ref 16. https://www.britannica.com/art/jewelry/The-history-of-jewelry-design

Ref 17.  https://theframeblog.com/category/16th-17th-century/

Ref 18. http://www.medieval-rings.com/exhibitions/cycles-of-life-35062/rings/renaissance-gimmel-ring-with-memento-mori-42534

Ref 19. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimmal_ring

Ref 20. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/370772981794628769/?lp=true

Ref 21. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/335799715956345727/

Ref 22. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era

Fig. 23. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/151574343680238550/

Fig 24.  http://www.alaintruong.com/archives/2008/10/12/10923843.html

Ref 25. https://www.kalmarantiques.com.au/product/antique-ruby-and-diamond-ring-made-in-the-victorian-era/

Ref 26. https://www.1stdibs.com/jewelry/necklaces/pendant-necklaces/antique-victorian-ruby-diamond-pendant-platinum-circa-1900/id-j_4838913/

Ref 27.  https://www.the-saleroom.com/en-us/auction-catalogues/gorringes/catalogue-id-srgo10026/lot-5c8d439e-5052-4618-b7c2-a72f00d0c0ed

Ref 28. https://www.langantiques.com/university/Cannetille

Ref 29. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company